IRLF 


B    3    027 


American  Society  of  Municipal 
Improvements,  1914 

Specifications  for 

BRICK  PAVING 

^Adopted  October  8,  1914 


These  specifications  will  be  modified  from  time  to  time 
to  keep  them  fully  up  to  date.  Suggestions  as  to  modi- 
fications or  additions  are  solicited  and  should  be  sent  to 
the  Secretary,  or  to  E.  H.  Christ,  Norris  Building,  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  Chairman  of  the  Sub-Committee  on 
Specifications  for  Brick  Paving,  and 


GEORGE   W.  TILLSON 

Boro  Hall,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Chairman  of  General  Committee  on  Standard  Specifications 


COPYRIGHTED,  1914 

(Any  municipality  will  be  given  free  permission  to  use  these  specifications  or  any  part 
of  them  upon  application  to  the  Secretary.) 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SOCIETY 
CHARLES  CARROLL  BROWN,  Secretarr 

702  WULSIN  BUILDING 
INDIANAPOLIS,    INDIANA 


¥ 


Press  if 

S.  E.  Tate  Printing  Company 

Manhattan  Building 

Milwaukee 


:    -       ...•:' 
•  .  :     \: 


Modifications  of    these  Specifications  made   in  1915 


REPORT  OF   SUB-COMMITTEE   ON   SPECIFICATIONS 
FOR  BRICK  PAVING. 

Your  sub-committee  on  brick  specifications  respectfully  submits 
the  following  report: 

We  have  received  no  suggestions  or  criticisms  during  the  past 
year  of  the  brick  specifications  as  adopted  by  this  society  in  1914 
from  any  active  member  of  this  society. 

We  have,  however,  received  from  the  Brick  Committee  of  the 
National  Paving  Brick  Mfrs.  Association  several  suggestions  for 
modification.  These  have  been  given  due  consideration. 

We  would  recommend  that  the  following  changes  be  made: 

Page  3,  Section  1,  first  line;  omit  the  words  "strictly  No.  1 
Pavers."  Inasmuch  as  cities  use  different  abrasion  tests,  this  term 
is  confusing,  because  what  would  be  a  No.  1  paver  for  one  city, 
might  be  considered  a  No.  2  for  another  city. 

Last  paragraph  of  Section  2,  page  4,  and  third  line;  add  the  words 
"and  inspection"  after  the  words  "test"  also  "tests." 

Page  17,  second  paragraph,  third  line;  change  the  words  "one-half 
days"  to  "two  hours." 

Page  20,  add  to  note  to  engineers,  "where  a  cement  grout  filler  is 
used,  a  repress  or  wire-cut-lug  block  or  brick  may  be  used. 

During  the  past  year  quite  a  number  of  brick  pavements  have  been 
laid  on  a  mortar  bed  cushion.  Your  committee  is  investigating  this 
method  of  construction.  We  are  not  prepared  to  make  any  recom- 
mendations at  this  time,  and  will  appreciate  it  if  the  members  of 
this  society  will  communicate  with  this  committee  in  regard  to  their 
experience  with  this  class  of  construction. 

E.  H.    Christ,   Chairman. 

F.  J.  Cellarius, 

S.    Cameron   Corson, 
Henrv  Maetzel. 


2J 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  BRICK  PAVING. 


PART   I.— THE  BRICK. 


CHARACTER  OF  BRICK. 

1.  All  brick  must  be  strictly  No.  1  pavers  of  the  sizes 
commercially  known  as  "vitrified  block,"  and  "brick,"  the 
widths  of  which  must  not  vary  more  than  one-eight   (%)   of 
an  inch.     They  must  be  thoroughly  annealed,  tough  and  dur- 
able, regular  in  size,  shape  and  evenly  burned. 

When  broken,  the  brick  shall  show  a  dense,  stone-like 
body,  free  from  lime,  air-pockets,  cracks  or  marked  lamina- 
tions. They  must  not  be  fire  flashed,  smoked  or  treated  in  any 
manner  tending  to  give  artificially  a  uniform  color  outside. 
Kiln  marks  must  not  exceed  three-sixteenths  (3-16)  of  an  inch, 
and  one  edge  at  least  shall  show  but  slight  kiln  marks.  All 
brick  so  distorted  in  burning  as  to  lay  unevenly  in  the  pave- 
ment shall  be  rejected. 

The  standard  size  of  brick  shall  be  two  and  one-half  (2%) 
inches  in  width,  four  (4)  inches  in  depth  and  eight  and  one- 
half  (8%)  inches  in  length;  and  the  standard  size  of  block 
three  and  one-half  (3%)  inches  in  width,  four  (4)  inches  in 
depth,  and  eight  and  one-half  (8%)  inches  in  length.  They 
shall  not  vary  from  these  dimensions  to  exceed  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  in  width  and  depth,  and  not 'more  than  one-half  (%) 
inch  in  length.  If  the  edges  of  the  brick  are  rounded,  the 
radius  shall  not  exceed  three  sixteenths  (3-16)  of  an  inch. 
Only  brick  with  raised  lugs  on  one  side  not  to  exceed  one- 
fourth  (14)  inch  in  height  shall  be  used. 

INSPECTION. 

2.  All  brick  shall  be  subject  to  thorough  inspection  before 
and  after  laying  and  rolling,  and  all  rejected  material  shall 
be  immediately  removed  from  the  street. 

3 


Factory,  inspection  of  brick  including  the  rattler  test  shall 
be  made  if  in  the  judgment  of  the  Engineer  it  be  expedient. 
This  test  shall,  however,  in  no  wise  prevent  further  tests  of 
the  brick  after  they  have  been  received  upon  the  improvement, 
if  in  the  judgmeent  of  the  Engineer  such  is  warranted. 

DELIVERY  OF  BRICK. 

The  brick  shall  be  hauled,  carefully  unloaded  by  hand,  and 
neatly  piled  on  the  walks  or  outside  of  the  curbs  before  the 
grading  is  finished,  and  in  laying  be  carried  from  there  to  the 
pavement. 

RATTLER  TEST  FOR  BLOCK  SIZE. 

4.  The  brick  shall  not  lose  of  their  weight  more  than  22 
per  cent,  after  being  submitted  to  the  following  tests,  pro- 
vided, however,  that  brick  from  any  one  factory  and  used  in 
any  one  improvement  shall  not  vary  more  than  eight  (8) 
points. 

Samples  of  brick  of  uniform  shape  and  appearance  shall 
be  taken  from  each  car  tested  (estimated  at  10,000  brick).' 
Brick  having  a  defect  that  would  cull  them  shall  not  be  used. 
Three  grades  of  samples  shall  be  tested,  one  of  the  softest, 
one  of  the  medium  and  one  of  the  hardest  burned.  If  all 
of  the  tests  overrun  the  above  percentage  of  loss,  the  car  shall 
be  rejected.  If  one  or  two  of  the  tests  overrun,  another  test 
of  said  grade  or  grades  shall  be  made.  Should  only  one  of 
these  tests  overrun  the  specified  percentages  of  loss,  the  con- 
tractor may  cull  said  grade,  provided  they  do  not  exceed  ten 
(10)  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  brick  in  the  car,  and  deliver 
the  balance  on  the  improvement.  Otherwise  the  whole  car 
will  be  rejected. 

In  order  to  prevent  the  continued  shipments  of  inferior 
brick,  only  two  cars  of  two  separate  shipments  of  any  make 
of  brick  will  be  tested.  Should  they  fail  to  meet  the  require- 
ments stated  above  said  make  of  brick  will  be  rejected  for  this 
improvement. 

4 


NUMBER  AND  CONDITION  OF  BRICK. 

5.  Ten  (10)   paving  brick  shall  constitute  the  number  to 
be  used  in  a  single  test.     The  brick  shall  be  thoroughly  dried 
for  at  least  three  (3)  hours  in  a  temperature  of  one  hundred 
(100)   degrees  Fahrenheit  before  testing. 

TESTS  BEFORE  UNLOADING. 

6.  The  contractor  shall  notify  the  proper  city  official  of 
the  location  and  car  number  of  each  carload  of  brick  received, 
so  that  samples,  if  deemed  necessary,  may  be  taken  and  tested 
by  the  city,  and  no  brick  shall  be  delivered  on  or  adjacent  to 
any  improvement  on  which  brick  are  to  be  used  until  a  writ- 
ten statement  has  been  received  from  the  Engineer  or  his  au- 
thorized representative,  that  they  have  been  superficially  in- 
spected or  have  passed  the  required  tests.     Decision  relative 
to  each  carload  will  be  made  within  twenty-four  (24)   hours 
of  notice.     Permission  to  deliver  brick  on  the  line  of  work 
shall  not  be  considered  a  final  acceptance  in  any  respect. 

MAKING  THE  RATTLER  TEST. 

7.  The  Rattler.— The  machine  shall  be  of  good  mechanical 
construction,  self-contained,  and  shall  conform  to  the  follow- 
ing details  of  material  and  dimensions,  and  shall  consist  of 
barrel,  frame  and  driving  mechanism  as  herein  described. 

The  Barrel — The  barrel  of  the  machine  shall  be  made  up 
of  the  heads,  headliners  and  staves. 

The  heads  shall  be  cast  with  trunions  in  one  piece.  The 
trunion  bearings  shall  not  be  less  than  two  and  one-half  (2^) 
inches  in  diameter  or  less  than  six  (6)  inches  in  length. 

The  heads  shall  not  be  less  than  three-fourths  (%)  inch 
thick  nor  more  than  seven-eighths  (%)  inch.  In  outline  they 
shall  be  a  regular  fourteen  (14)  sided  polygon  inscribed  in 
a  circle  twenty-eight  and  three-eighths  (28%)  inches  in  di- 
ameter. The  heads  shall  be  provided  with  flanges  not  less 
than  three-fourths  (%)  inch  thick  and  extending  outward  two 
and  one-half  (2y2)  inches  from  the  inside  face  of  head  to  af- 

5 


ford  a  means  of  fastening  the  staves.  The .  flanges  shall  be 
slotted  on  the  outer  edge,  so  as  to  provide  for  two  (2)  three- 
fourths  (%)  inch  bolts  at  each  end  of  each  stave,  said  slots 
to  be  thirteen-sixteenths  (13-16)  inch  wide  and  two  and  three- 
fourths  (2%)  inches  center  to  center.  Under  each  section  of 
the  flanges  there  shall  be  a  brace  three-eighths  (%)  inch  thick 
and  extending  down  the  outside  of  the  head  not  less  than  two 
(2)  inches.  Each  slot  shall  be  provided  with  recess  for  bolt 
head,  which  shall  act  to  prevent  the  turning  of  the  same. 
There  shall  be  for  each  head  a  cast  iron  headliner  one  (1) 
inch  in  thickness  and  conforming  to  the  outline  of  the  head, 
but  inscribed  in  a  circle  twenty-eight  and  one-eighth  (28%) 
inches  in  diameter.  This  liner  or  wear  plate  shall  be  fastened 
to  the  head  by  seven  (7)  five-eighths  (%)  inch  cap  screws, 
through  the  head  from  the  outside.  These  wear  plates,  when- 
ever they  become  worn  down  one-half  (^2)  mch  below  their 
initial  surface  level,  at  any  point  of  their  surface,  must  be 
replaced  with  new.  The  metal  of  which  these  wear  plates 
are  to  be  composed  shall  be  what  is  know  as  hard  machinery 
iron  and  must  contain  not  less  than  one(l)  per  cent,  of  com- 
bined carbon.  The  faces  of  the  polygon  must  be  smooth  and 
give  uniform  bearing  for  the  staves.  To  secure  the  desired 
uniform  bearing  the  faces  of  the  ftead  may  be  ground  or  ma- 
chined. 

The  Staves — The  staves  shall  be  made  of  six  (6)  inch  me- 
dium steel  structural  channels  twenty-seven  and  one-fourth 
(271/4)  inches  long  and  weighing  fifteen  and  five-tenths  (15.5) 
pounds  per  lineal  foot. 

The  channels  shall  be  drilled  with  holes  thirteen-sixteenths 
(13-16)  inch  in  diameter,  two  (2)  in  each  end,  for  bolts  to 
fasten  same  to  head,  the  center  line  of  the  holes  being  one  (1) 
inch  from  either  end  and  one  and  three-eighths  (1%)  inches 
either  way  from  the  longitudinal  center  line. 

The  spaces  between  the  staves  will  be  determined  by  the 
accuracy  of  the  heads,  but  not  exceed  five-sixteenths  (5-16) 
inch.  The  interior  or  flat  side  of  each  channel  must  be  pro- 

6 


tected  by  a  lining  or  wear  plate  three-eighths  ('%)  inch  thick 
by  five  and  one-half  (5%)  inches  wide  by  nineteen  and  three- 
fourths  (19%)  inches  long!.  The  wear  plate  shall  consist  of 
medium  steel  plate  and  shall  be  riveted  to  the  channel  by 
three  (3)  one-half  (%)  inch  rivets,  one  of  which  shall  be  on 
the  center  line  both  ways  and  the  other  two  on  the  longitud- 
inal center  line  and  spaced  seven  (7)  inches  from  the  center 
each  way.  The  rivet  holes  shall  be  counter-sunk  on  the  face 
of  the  wear  plate  and  the  rivets  shall  be  driven  hot  and 
chipped  off  flush  with  the  surface  of  the  wear  plate.  These 
wear  plates  shall  be  inspected  from  time  to  time  and  if  found 
loose  shall  be  at  once  re-riveted,  but  no  wear  plate  shall  be  re- 
placed by  a  new  one  except  as  the  whole  set  is  changed.  No 
set  of  wear  plates  shall  be  used  for  more  than  one  hundred 
and  fifty  (150)  tests  under  any  circumstances.  The  record 
must  show  the  date  when  each  set  of  wear  plates  goes  into 
service  and  the  number  of  tests  made  upon  each  set. 

The  staves  when  bolted  to  the  heads  shall  form  a  barrel 
twenty  (20)  inches  long,  inside  measurement,  between  wear 
plates.  The  wear  plates  of  the  staves  must  be  so  placed  as  to 
drop  between  the  wear  plates  of  the  heads.  These  staves  shall 
be  bolted  tightly  to  the  heads  by  four  (4)  three-fourths  (%) 
inch  bolts  and  each  bolt  shall  be  provided  with  lock  nuts  and 
shall  be  inspected  at  not  less  frequent  intervals  than  every 
fifth  (5th)  test  and  all  nuts  kept  tight.  A  record  shall  be 
made  after  each  such  inspection,  showing  in  what  condition 
the  bolts  were  found. 

The  Frame  and  Driving  Mechanism — The  barrel  shall  be 
mounted  on  a  cast-iron  frame  of  sufficient  strength  and  rigid- 
ity to  support  same  without  undue  vibration.  This  shall  rest 
on  a  rigid  foundation  and  be  fastened  to  same  by  bolts  at  not 
less  than  four  points. 

It  shall  be  driven  by  gearing  whose  ratio  of  driver  to  driven 
shall  not  be  less  than  one  (1)  to  four  (4).  The  counter  shaft 
upon  which  the  driving  pinion  is  mounted  shall  not  be  less 
than  one  and  fifteen-sixteenths  (1  15-16)  inches  in  diameter, 

7 


with  bearings  not  less  than  six  (6)  inches  in  length  and  belt 
driven  and  the  pulley  shall  not  be  less  than  eighteen  (18) 
inches  in  diameter  and  six  and  one-half  (6%)  inches  in  face. 
A  belt  of  six  (6)  inch  double-strength  leather,  properly  ad- 
justed so  as  to  avoid  unnecessary  slipping,  shall  be  used. 

THE  ABRASIVE  CHARGE. 

8.  The  abrasive  charge  shall  consist  of  two  sizes  of  cast- 
iron  spheres.  The  larger  size  shall  be  three  and  seventy-five 
hundredth  (3.75)  inches  in  diameter  when  new  and  shall 
weigh  when  new  approximately  seven  and  five-tenths  (7-5) 
pounds  (3.40  kilos)  each.  Ten  shall  be  used. 

These  shall  be  weighed  separately  after  each  ten  tests,  and 
if  the  weight  of  any  large  shot  falls  to  seven  (7)  pounds 
(3.175  kilos)  it  shall  be  discarded  and  a  new  one  substituted; 
provided,  however,  that  all  of  the  large  shot  shall  not  be  dis- 
carded and  substituted  by  new  ones  at  any  single  time,  and 
that  so  far  as  possible  the  large  shots  shall  compose  a  grad- 
uated series  in  various  stages  of  wear. 

The  smaller  size  sphere  shall  be,  when  new,  one  and  eight 
hundred  seventy-five  thousands  (1.875)  inches  in  diameter  and 
shall  weigh  not  to  exceed  ninety-five  hundredths  (0.95)  pound 
(0.430  kilo)  each.  Of  these  spheres  so  many  shall  be  used  as 
will  bring  the  collective  weight  of  the  large  and  small  spheres 
most  nearly  to  three  hundred  (300)  pounds,  provided  that  no 
small  sphere  shall  be  retained  in  use  after  it  has  been  worn 
down  so  that  it  will  pass  a  circular  hole  one  and  seventy-five 
hundredths  (1.75)  inches  in  diameter,  drilled  in  cast  iron  plate 
une-fourth  (!/4)  inch  in  thickness,  or  weigh  less  than  seventy- 
five  hundredths  (0.75)  pound  (or  0.34  kilo.)  Further  the 
small  spheres  shall  be  tested  after  every  ten  tests,  by  passing 
them  over  such  an  iron  plate  drilled  with  such  holes,  or  by 
weighing,  and  any  which  pass  through  or  fall  below  the  speci- 
fied weight  shall  be  replaced  by  new  spheres;  provided,  fur- 
ther, that  all  of  the  small  spheres  shall  not  be  rejected  and 
replaced  by  new  ones  at  any  one  time,  and  that  so  far  as 

8 


possible  the  small  spheres  shall  compose  a  graduated  series 
in  various  stages  of  wear.  If  at  any  time  any  sphere  is  found 
to  be  broken  or  defective  ilf  shall  at  once  be  replaced. 

The   iron   composing  these   sphere   shall  have   a   chemical 

composition  within  the  following  limits: 

Per 
Cent. 

Combined   carbon — not   less   thar. 2.50 

Graphitic    carbon — not    more    than 0.10 

Silicon — not    more    than 1.00 

Manganese — not    more    than 0.50 

Phosphorous — not    more    t^an 0.25 

Sulphur — not    more    than 0.08 

For  each  new  batch  of  spheres  used  the  chemical  analysis 
must  be  furnished  by  the  maker,  or  be  obtained  by  the  user, 
before  introduction  into  the  charge;  and  unless  the  analysis 
meets  the  above  specifications,  the  batch  of  spheres  shall  be 
rejected. 

THE  TEST. 

9.  The  rattler  -shall  be  rotated  at  a  rate  of  not  less  than 
29%  nor  more  than  30%  revolutions  per  minute,  and  1,800 
revolutions   shall   constitute   the   standard  test.     A  counting 
machine    shall   be    attached   to   the   rattler  for   counting  the 
revolutions. 

A  margin  of  not  to  exceed  ten  revolutions  will  be  allowed 
for  stopping.  In  case  a  charge  is  allowed  to  run  several  min- 
utes beyond  its  proper  termination,  and  the  loss  incurred  is 
still  within  the  prescribed  limits,  then  the  test  shall  not  be 
discarded,  but  the  fact  shall  be  entered  on  the  record. 

Slopping  and  Starting — Only  one  start  and  stop  per  test  is 
regular  and  acceptable.  If  from  accidental  causes  a  test  is 
stopped  and  started  twice  extra,  and  the  loss  exceeds  the  max- 
imum permissible,  the  test  shall  be  disqualified  and  another 
made. 

THE  RESULTS. 

10.  The  loss  shall  be  calculated  in  percentage  of  the  orig- 
inal  weight   of  the   dried   brick   composing  the   charge.     In 

9 


weighing  the  rattled  brick,  any  piece  weighing  less  than  one 
(1)   pound  shall  be  rejected. 

THE  RECORD. 

11.  Description — The  operator  shall  keep  an  official  book, 
in  which  the  alternate  pages  are  perforated  for  removal.  The 
record  shall  be  kept  in  duplicate,  by  use  of  a  carbon  paper  be- 
tween the  first  and  second  sheets,  and  when  all  entries  are 
made  and  calculations  are  completed,  the  original  record  shall 
be  removed  and  the  carbon  duplicate  preserved  in  the  book. 
All  calculations  must  be  made  in  the  space  left  for  that  pur- 
pose in  the  record  blank,  and  the  actual  figures  must  appear. 
The  record  must  bear  its  serial  number  and  be  filled  out  com- 
pletely for  each  test  and  all  data  as  to  dates  of  inspections, 
weighing  of  shot,  and  replacement  of  worn  out  parts  must 
be  carefully  entered,  so  that  the  records  remaining  in  the 
book  constitute  a  continuous  one.  In  event  of  further  copies 
of  a  record  being  needed,  they  may  be  furnished  on  separate 
sheets,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  original  q,arbon  copy  be  re- 
moved froom  the  record  book. 

The  blank  form  upon  which  the  record  of  all  official  brick 
tests  is  to  be  kept  and  reported  is  as  follows: 

REPORT  OF  STANDARD  RATTLER  TEST  OF  PAVING  BRICK. 
IDENTIFICATION  DATA   (Serial  No.       ) 

Name   of   firm   furnishing   sample 

Name   of  the   firm   manufacturing  sample 

Street  or  job  which  sample  represents 

Brands   or  marks  on   the  brick 

Quantity    furnished Drying  treatment 

Date    received Date  tested 

Length    Breadth Thickness 

STANDARDIZATION    DATA. 
Number  of  charges  tested   since  last  inspection 


Weight   of  charge    (after   standardization)  . 

10 


Condition  of  locknuts  on  staves 

Condition  of  scales 

Ten  large  spheres ^ 

Small   spheres .- 

Total  

Number  of  charges  tested  since  stave  linings  were  renewed. .  '. 

Repairs  (Note  any  repairs  affecting  the  condition  of  the  barrel) 

RUNNING  DATA. 

Revolution        Running  notes, 

Time  readings  Counter  Stops,  etc. 

hour  minutes  seconds         Readings 

Beginning    of    test 

Final  reading 

WEIGHTS   AND  ,  CALCULATIONS. 

Initial  weight  of  ten  bricks • 

Final  weight  of  same 

Loss    of    weight Percentage    loss 

Note:      (The    calculations   must    appear.) 


Number  of  broken  bricks  and  remarks  on  same 

I   certify  that  the   foregoing  test  was   made   under  the   specifications 
of    and  is  a 

true  record. 

Signature   of  Tester 

Date  Location  of  Laboratory 


PART   II.— CONSTRUCTION   OF  THE   PAVEMENT. 
FOUNDATION. 

12.  The  cement  used  shall  conform  to  the  requirements 
specified  in  Section  21.  The  fine  aggregate  shall  consist  of 
any  material  of  siliceous  or  igneous  origin,  free  from  mica  in 
excess  of  five  per  cent.,  and  other  impurities,  uniformly  graded, 
the  particles  ranging  in  size  from  14  inch  to  that  which  will 
pass  a  No.  100  standard  sieve.  The  coarse  aggregate  shall 
be  sound  gravel,  broken  stone  or  slag,  having  a  specific  gravity 

11 


of  not  less  than  2.6.  It  shall  be  free  from  all  foreign  matter, 
uniformly  graded,  and  shall  range  in  size  from  14  incn  up, 
the  largest  particles  not  to  exceed  in  any  dimension  one-half 
the  thickness  of  the  concrete  in  place. 

In  preparing  the  concrete,  the  cement  and  aggregate  shall 
be  measured  separately  and  then  mixed  in  such  proportions 
that  the  resulting  concrete  shall  contain  fine  aggregate  amount- 
ing to  one-half  of  the  volume  of  the  coarse  aggregate;  and 
that  seven  cubic  feet  of  concrete  in  place  will  contain  ninety- 
four  pounds  of  cement. 

The  ingredients  of  the  concrete  shall  be  thoroughly  mixed, 
sufficient  water  being  added  to  obtain  the  desired  consistency, 
and  the  mixing  continued  until  the  materials  are  uniformly 
distributed,  and  each  particle  of  the  fine  aggregate  is  thor- 
oughly coated  with  cement,  and  each  particle  of  the  coarse 
aggregate  is  thoroughly  coated  with  mortar. 

When  a  mechanical  concrete  mixer  is  used,  the  materials 
must  be  proportioned  dry,  and  then  deposited  in  the  mixer 
all  at  the  same  time.  The  mixer  must  produce  a  concrete  of 
uniform  consistency  and  color,  with  the  stones  thoroughly 
mixed  with  the  water,  sand  and  cement. 

The  materials  shall  be  mixed  wet  enough  to  produce  a  con- 
crete of  a  consistency  that  will  flush  readily  under  light  tamp- 
ing, but  which  can  be  handled  without  causing  a  separation 
of  the  coarse  aggregate  from  the  mortar. 

Re-tempering,  that  is,  remixing  with  additional  water, 
mortar  or  concrete  that  has  partially  hardened,  will  not  be 
permitted. 

The  concrete  shall  be  deposited  in  a  layer  on  the  sub-grade 
in  such  quantities  that,  after  being  thoroughly  rammed  in 
place,  it  will  be  of  the  required  thickness,  and  the  upper  sur- 
face shall  be  true,  uniform  and  parallel  with  the  surface  of 
the  finished  pavement. 

In  conveying  the  concrete  from  the  place  of  mixing  to  the 
place  of  deposit,  the  operation  must  be  conducted  in  such  a 
manner  that  no  mortar  will  be  lost  and  the  concrete  must  be 

12 


so  handled  that  the  foundation  will  be  of  uniform  composition 
throughout,  showing  no  excess  nor  lack  of  mortar  in  any  place. 

The  foundation  shall  be  finches  in  thickness,  with  its  upper 
surface  finished  parallel  to  and  5y2  inches  below  the  grade 
of  the  finished  pavement. 

When  complete,  the  foundation  shall  be  kept  moist  for  not 
less  than  2  days  and  it  shall  be  protected  from  traffic  until  the 
concrete  has  thoroughly  set. 

No  concrete  shall  be  mixed  while  the  air  temperature  is 
below  32°  Fahr.,  and  in  no  case  shall  any  material  contain- 
ing frost  be  used;  and  if  this  temperature  is  reached  at  any 
time  before  the  foundation  shall  have  been  thoroughly  set,  it 
shall  be  immediately  provided  with  such  covering  as  will  pro- 
tect it  from  all  damage. 

In  no  event  shall  a  concrete  foundation  be  laid  on  a  frozen 
sub-grade. 

SAND  CUSHION. 

13.  Over    the    foundation,    which    must    be    thoroughly . 
cleaned,  shall  be  spread  to  a  uniform  depth  of  one  and  one-half 
(1%)   inches   (after  rolling)   a  cushion  of  clea-n,  sharp  sand, 
free  from  foreign  matter  except  that  it  may  contain  not  to 
exceed  10  per  cent,  of  loam.     The  sand  must  be  fairly  well 
graded  from  one-quarter  (*4)  inch  to  that  which  will  be  re- 
tained on  No.  50  standard  mesh  sieve.    The  word  "sand"  in- 
cludes broken  stone  or  slag  meeting  the  specified  grading. 

The  cushion  shall  be  carefully  shaped  to  a  true  cross-sec- 
tion of  the  roadway  by  means  of  a  template  having  a  steel 
faced  edge,  covering  at  least  one-half  (1/2)  the  width  of  the 
brick  work,  and  so  fitted  with  rollers  as  to  be  easily  drawn 
on  the  curb  and  guide  timbers  or  rail. 

14.  Template — The  template  shall  be  built  in  substantial 
accordance  with  plan  accompanying  these  specifications. 

15.  Guide  Timbers — Guide  timbers  shall  be  one  and  one- 
half   (iy2)    inches  by  four    (4)    inches  by  sixteen    (16)    feet, 
dressed  on  two  sides,  laid  to  a  true  surface  in  the  center  of 

13 


the  street,  and  also  next  to  the  curb  if  the  curb  cannot  be 
used. 

16.  Shaping   Cushion — Before  shaping  the   cushion  a  one- 
half  (%)  inch  strip  shall  be  laid  on  the  curb,  and  guide  tim- 
bers,  or  rail,   and  the  template   drawn   over  the  same,   after 
which  the  one-half  (1/2)  inch  strip  shall  be  removed,  the  cush- 
ion slightly  moistened  and  rolled  over  its  entire  surface  with 
a  hand  roller.    The  roller  shall  not  be  less  than  thirty-six  (36) 
inches  in  diameter,  twenty-four  (24)  inches  in  width,  and  shall 
weigh  not  less  than  ten  (10)  pounds  per  inch  in  width,  and 
have  a  handle  twelve  (12)  feet  in  length.     After  rolling,  the 
template  shall  be  drawn  over  the  curb  and  guide  timbers  or 
rail,  to  complete  the  cushion.     The  cushion  shall  be  prepared 
at  least  fifty  (50)  feet  in  advance  of  the  brick  laying. 

LAYING  THE  BRICK. 

17.  The  brick  shall  be  laid  in  straight  lines  on  edge,  at 
right  angles  to  the  curb.     At  intersections  they  shall  be  laid 
as  directed.     Brick  shall  be  laid  with  the  lug  sides  all  in  the 
same   direction.     Brick  must  be  placed  close  together,   both 
ends  and  sides,  breaking  joints  at  least  three  (3)  inches*.     At 
every  fourth  course  the  brick  shall  be  driven  together  to  se- 
cure tight   joints   and   straight  courses,   and   all  thick   brick 
shall  be  removed.    Brick  shall  be  used  with  the  best  edge  up. 
Broken,   chipped   or  warped  brick,  not  suitable  to  lay  as  a 
whole,  may  be  used  for  batting. 

When  any  section  shall  contain  more  than  ten  (10)  per 
cent,  of  culls,  the  brick  shall  be  taken  up  and  the  cushion  ad- 
justed. Brick  shall  be  laid  from  curb  to  curb,  or  car  track 
to  curb. 

No  bats  or  broken  brick  shall  be  used  except  at  curbs  or 
at  street  car  tracks.  Batting  for  closures  shall  immediately 
follow  the  laying. 

Joints  shall  be  cut  square  with  the  top  and  sides  of  the 
brick.  All  joints  must  be  kept  clean  and  open  to  the  bottom 
until  filled  as  specified. 

14 


STREET  CAR  TRACKS. 

18.  Along   the   street   car  tracks  the   brick  must  not  be 
laid  within  one-quarter  (!/4)  of  an  inch  of  the  rail,  and  when 
rblled   shall  be   one-quarter    (1,4)    inch  below  the  top   of  the 
rail. 

The  space  between  the  web  of  the  rail  and  the  brick  shall 
be  filled  with  cement  mortar,  consisting  of  two  (2)  parts  sand 
and  one  (1)  part  Portland  cement.  The  mortar  shall  be  in 
proper  condition  and  the  edge  constructed  to  a  straight  line 
before  the  brick  are  laid. 

EXPANSION  JOINTS  FOR  CEMENT  GROUT  FILLER. 

19.  Expansion  joints  shall  be  placed  parallel  with  and  at 
each  of  the  curb  lines,  and  shall  be  one  and  one-half   (1%) 
inches  in  width.    The  joints  shall  be  made  by  placing  together 
on  edge,  parallel  with  the  crub,  two  wedge-shaped  strips  six 
(6)  inches  in  width,  and  dressed  on  two  faces.    The  strip  next 
to  the  curb  shall  be  one   (1)  inch  wide  on  top,  beveled  to  a 
thickness  of  one-half  (Vv)   inch  at  the  bottom,  and  the  strip 
next  to  the  brick  shall  be  of  the  same  dimensions  and  placed 
in  a  reverse  position.     The  brick  shall  be  laid  lightly  against 
said  strips.     Soon  after  the  pavement  has  been  grouted  and 
the  cement  filler  has  set,  and  the  pavement  is  in  all  other  re- 
spects finished,  the  strips  shall  be  removed,  the  joints  thor- 
oughly  cleaned   out,   and   immediately   completely  filled  with 
a  bituminous  filler  composed  of  a  material  which,  when  pen- 
etrated by  a  No.  2  needle  under  a  weight  of  200  grams  for 
one    (1)    minute  at  a  temperature  of  32°   Fahr.,  will  have  a 
penetration  of  not  less  than  20,   and  when  penetrated  by  a 
No.  2  needle  under  50  grams  for  five   (5)   seconds  in  a  tem- 
perature of  115°   Fahr.,  will  not  have  a  penetration  of  over 
100. 

A  premolded  expansion  strip  made  of  a  material  unaffected 
by  the  action  of  water  or  street  liquids  may  be  used  along 
each  curb  line,  if  it  meets  all  the  requirements  for  the  joint 
filler  herein  specified.  These  strips  shall  not  be  less  than  three- 

15 


quarters  (%)  of  an  inch  in  width  for  a  thirty  (30)  foot  street 
or  under,  increasing  proportionately  in  width  to  one  and  one- 
half  (l]/2)  inches  in  width  for  a  fifty  (50)  foot  street  or  over. 

ROLLING. 

20.  After  the  brick  in  the  pavement  have  been  passed  for 
rolling  and  the  surface  swept  clean,  the  pavement  shall  be 
rolled  with  a  roller  weighing  not  less  than  three  (3)  nor  more 
than  five  (5)  tons,  in  the  following  manner:  The  brick  next 
the  curb  shall  be  tamped  with  a  hard  wood  tamper,  to  the 
proper  grade.  The  rolling  shall  then  commence  near  the  curb 
at  a  very  slow  pace,  and  continue  back  and  forth  toward  the 
center,  until  the  center  of  the  street  is  reached;  then,  passing 
to  the  opposite  curb,  it  shall  be  repeated  in  the  same  manner 
to  the  center  of  the  street.  After  this  first  passing  of  the 
roller  the  pace  may  be  quickened  and  the  rolling  continued 
until  the  brick  pavement  has  a  smooth  surface.  The  pave- 
ment shall  then  be  rolled  transversely  at  an  angle  of  forty- 
five  (45)  degrees  from  curb  to  curb,  repeating  the  rolling  in 
the  opposite  forty-five  (45)  degree  direction.  Before  and  af- 
ter this  transverse  rolling  has  taken  place,  all  broken  or  in- 
jured brick  must  be  taken  up  and  replaced  with  perfect  ones. 
The  substitute  brick  must  be  brought  to  the  true  surface  by 
tamping. 

After  final  rolling  the  pavement  shall  be  tested  with  a 
ten  (10)  foot  straight  edge,  laid  parallel  with  the  curb,  and 
any  depression  exceeding  one-quarter  (^)  of  an  inch  must  be 
taken  out.  If  necessary,  the  pavement  shall  be  again  rolled. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT   GROUT  FILLER. 

21a.  The  filler  shall  be  composed  of  one  part  each  of  fine, 
clean,  sharp  sand  and  Portland  cement. 

The  cement  shall  meet  the  requirements  of  the  standard 
specifications  for  Portland  cement  of  the  American  Society 
for  Testing  Materials,  adopted  August  16,  1909,  with  subse- 
quent amendments. 

16 


The  sand  shall  be  clean  and  sharp,  fairly  well  graded  from 
that  passing  a  20  standard  sieve  to  that  retained  on  a  100 
standard  sieve.  Sand  shall  Be  measured  in  a  box  having  the 
same  cubical  contents  as  one  sack  of  cement. 

Before  any  grouting  is  done,  a  sufficient  amount  of  cement 
and  an  equal  amount  of  sand  to  complete  the  work  prepared 
for  grouting  at  that  time,  but  not  to  exceed  one-half  (%)  day's 
run  shall  be  thoroughly  mixed  dry  until  the  mass  assumes  a 
uniform  color.  From  this  mixture  an  amount  not  exceeding 
two  (2)  cubic  feet  shall  be  taken  and  placed  in  the  grouting 
box  and  enough  clean  water  added  to  obtain  a  grout  that  will 
penetrate  to  the  bottom  of  the  brick.  From  the  time  the 
water  is  applied  until  all  is  removed  and  floated  into  the  joints 
of  the  pavement,  the  mixture  must  be  kept  in  constant  motion. 
A  mechanical  mixer  approved  by  the  Engineer  that  will  me.et 
these  requirements  may  be  used  after  the  dry  mixture  of  sand 
and  cement  has  been  made.  Before  the  grout  is  applied  the 
brick  shall  be  thoroughly  wet  by  being  gently  sprayed. 

The  water  shall  be  added  to  this  dry  mixture  in  a  box 
preferably  about  four  (4)  feet,  eight  (8)  inches  long,  thirty 
(30)  inches  wide,  and  fourteen  (14)  inches  deep,  resting  on 
legs  of  different  lengths,  so  that  the  mixture  will  rapidly  flow 
to  the  lower  corner  of  the  box,  the  bottom  of  which  shall  be 
about  three  (3)  inches  above  the  pavement.  One  box  shall 
be  used  for  each  fourteen  (14)  feet  in  width  of  roadway,  and 
at  least  two  (2)  boxes  must  be  used  in  all  cases. 

The  grout  shall  be  removed  from  the  box  with  scoop  shov- 
els and  applied  to  the  brick  in  front  of  the  sweepers,  who  shall 
rapidly  sweep  it  lengthwise  of  the  brick  into  the  unfilled  joints, 
until  the  joints  are  filled  to  within  not  more  than  one-half 
(%)  inch  of  the  top  of  the  brick.  After  the  grout  has  had  a 
chance  to  settle  into  the  joint  and  before  the  initial  set  devel- 
ops, the  balance  of  every  joint  shall  be  filled  with  a  thicker 
grout,  and,  if  necessary,  refilled,  until  the  joints  remain  full 
to  the  top. 

After  this  application  has  had  time  to  settle  and  before 
the  initial  set  takes  place,  the  pavement  shall  be  finished  to  a 

17 


smooth  surface  with  a  squeegee  or  wooden  scraper  having  a 
rubber  edge,  which  shall  be  worked  over  the  brick  at  an  an- 
gle with  the  brick. 

When  completed  and  the  cement  has  received  its  initial 
set,  the  pavement  shall  be  covered  with  a  one-half  (%)  inch 
layer  of  sand,  which  shall  be  frequently  sprinkled  in  warm 
weather.  No  travel  shall  be  permitted  on  the  pavement  for 
a  period  of  at  least  seven  (7)  days  after  grouting,  or  longer, 
as  the  Engineer  may  require  on  account  of  weather  condi- 
tions. 

Ample  barricades  and  watchmen  shall  be  provided  by  the 
contractor  for  the  proper  protection  to  the  grouting. 

COAL  TAR  PAVING  PITCH  FILLER. 

21b.  The  joints  or  spaces  between  the  bricks,  and  those 
between  the  bricks  and  the  curb,  railroad  tracks,  around  man- 
holes, etc.,  shall  be  filled  with  coal  tar  paving  pitch,  which 
shall  comply  with  the  following  requirements : 

Physical  Properties — When  in  place  in  the  pavement,  it  shall 
be  of  such  character  that  it  will  adhere  firmly  to  the  paving 
brick  and  to  the  curb,  and  shall  be  sufficiently  plastic  to  allow 
for  the  contraction  and  expansion  in  the  pavement  without 
developing  cracks  in  the  joints.  The  filler  shall  be  such  that 
it  retain  its  consistency  under  extreme  temperature.  It  shall 
be  proof  against  action  by  water  and  all  acids  and  alkalis  to 
which  the  pavement  may  be  exposed. 

The  free  carbon  shall  not  be  less  than  25  per  cent,  nor 
more  than  40  per  cent.  The  specific  gravity  shall  not  be  less 
than  1.23  nor  more  than  1.30  at  60°  Fahr. 

Melting  Point — It  shall  have  a  melting  point  varying  not 
more  than  5  degrees  from  135°  Fahr.,  determined  by  the  cube 
method  (hereinafter  described). 

Methods  of  Use — The  filler  shall  be  heated  and  poured  into 
the  joints  to  the  full  depth  thereof,  at  a  temperature  of  not 
less  than  300°  Fahr.,  nor  greater  than  350°  Fahr.  All  joints 
shall  be  completely  filled  at  the  top.  The  top  dressing  of  sand 

18 


shall  be  spread  over  the  pavement  immediately  after  the  filler 
is  applied  and  while  it  is  still  soft.  In  cold  weather  the  sand 
shall  be  heated  so  as  to  readily  bond  with  the  pitch.  Extra 
care  shall  be  used  at  the  gutters  and  around  catch  basins,  etc., 
to  effectually  prevent  the  leakage  of  water  into  the  sub-road- 
way. 

Test  For  Melting  Point  of  Pitch  Filler — A  clean  shaped  one- 
half  inch  cube  of  the  pitch  is  to  be  formed  in  the  mold  and 
suspended  in  the  beaker  so  that  the  bottom  of  the  pitch  to 
be  tested  is  one  (1)  inch  above  the  bottom  of  the  beaker. 
The  pitch  is  to  remain  for  five  (5)  minutes  in  water  of  a  tem- 
perature of  60°  Fahr.  before  heat  is  applied.  Heat  is  to  be 
applied  in  such  a  manner  that  the  temperature  of  the  water 
is  raised  9°  Fahr.  each  minute.  The  temperature  recorded  by 
the  thermometer  at  the  instant  the  pitch  touches  the  bottom 
of  the  beaker  to  be  considered  the  melting  point. 

ASPHALT  FILLER. 

21c.  The  interstices  of  the  brick  shall  be  completely  filled 
with  an  asphalt  filler  heated  to  a  temperature  of  not  less  than 
350°  Fahr.  nor  more  than  450°  Fahr.  This  asphalt  filler  shall 
not  contain  pitch  nor  any  part  of  coal  tar.  It  shall  contain 
at  least  ninety-eight  (98)  per  cent,  of  bitumen  soluble  in  car- 
bon bisulphide.  It  shall  remain  pliable  at  all  temperatures 
to  which  it  may  be  subjected  as  a  street  paving  filler;  it  shall 
be  absolutely  proof  against  water  and  street  liquids ;  it  shall 
firmly  adhere  to  the  brick  and  be  pliable  rather  than  rigid. 
Care  shall  be  exercised  to  completely  fill  all  openings  around 
street  structures  and  the  street  shall  not  be  used  for  traffic 
until  the  filler  is  completely  set.  A  top  dressing  of  sand  shall 
be  spread  immediately  after  the  filler  is  applied  and  while 
it  is  still  soft. 

The  penetration  shall  conform  to  the  following: 

No.   2  needle,  5   sec.,    100  grams   at     77°   R,  25  to  60. 
No.   2  needle,    1   min.,   200  grams   at     32°    F.,  not  below  25. 
No.    2   needle,    5   sec.,     20  grams   at    115°    F.,  not  above  110. 

19 


MAINTENANCE. 

22.  The  period  of  guaranty  shall  be  five  (5)  rears.  Dur- 
ing the  period  of  guaranty,  whenever  the  surface  of  a  vitri- 
fied brick  pavement  becomes  uneven,  holding  water  one-fourth 
(!/4)  of  an  inch  or  more  in  depth  in  a  distance  of  four  feet 
or  less,  or  when  the  pavement  has  settled  over  trenches  ex- 
isting previous  to  the  completion  of  the  pavement,  then  the 
brick  shall  be  taken  up  and  relaid  to  proper  crown  and  grade. 

Any  brick  which  may  be  found  soft,  unsound,  broken  or 
disintegrated,  and  all  portions  of  the  pavement  which  may 
have  become  rough  by  reason  of  the  chipping  or  breaking  of 
the  edges  of  the  brick,  so  as  to  produce  joints  exceeding  one- 
half  (y<>)  inch  at  a  point  one-quarter  (14)  inch  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  brick,  shall  be  removed,  and  properly  replaced 
with  sound  material. 

NOTE — All  castings  for  manholes,  catchbasins,  etc.,  shall  not  be  im- 
bedded in  the  concrete  foundation.  They  shall  be  made  to  rest  on  top 
of  the  foundation  to  allow  the  pavement  to  expand  uniformly,  thereby 
avoiding  the  cracking  and  crushing  of  the  brick. 

NOTE  TO  ENGINEER — Section  1.  Whenever  the  word  "brick"  is  used 
in  the  specification  it  is  intended  to  refer  to  either  brick  or  block,  which- 
ever may  be  used,  except  in  Section  4. 

Section  4.  Where  medium  or  light  traffic  or  other  conditions  exist 
which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Engineer,  do  not  require  a  brick  capable  of 
giving  an  abrasive  loss  of  only  22  per  cent.,  brick  of  a  quality  which  will 
give  a  loss  of  "25  per  cent,  or  even  28  per  cent,  may  be  used. 

Inasmuch  as  the  committee  has  not  made  any  tests  of  the  brick 
size,  it  is  not  prepared  to  recommend  specific  abrasion  loss  for  that  size. 

Section  21.  While  the  committee  is  in  favor  of  a  cement  grout  filler, 
it  believes  that  where  conditions  do  not  favor  the  use  of  the  same,  a 
bituminous  filler  may  be  used,  for  which  it  recommends  Section  21b  or 
21c  in  place  of  21a. 


20 


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